Singelton Cpp

When you build software at some point you might need a singleton. Singletons are often a sign of bad software design, but that is not the focus of this blog post.

In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance.

(Source: Wikipeda: Singleton pattern)

And good software is using obviously a bunch of singletons. To ensure that they are all the same we make use of a template.

template <class T> class Singleton
{
  using unique_ptr = std::unique_ptr<T>;

public:
  using element_type = T;
  using deleter_type = typename unique_ptr::deleter_type;

  /// Returns a reference to the single instance, the instance is created if none exists
  static element_type &GetInstance()
  {
    if (not _instance)
    {
      _instance.reset(new element_type{});
    }
    return *_instance;
  }

  /// Releases the single instance and frees its memory
  static void Release() { _instance.reset(); }

protected:
  Singleton() = default;
  virtual ~Singleton() = default;
  Singleton(const Singleton &) = delete;
  Singleton &operator=(const Singleton &) = delete;
  Singleton(const Singleton &&) = delete;
  Singleton &operator=(Singleton &&) = delete;

private:
  static unique_ptr _instance;
};
template <class T> typename Singleton<T>::unique_ptr Singleton<T>::_instance;

This implementation favors simplicity over thread-safety. If you need a thread-safe implementation don't use this one.

With that template in place it is now super easy to create a new singleton like this:

class ConcreteSingleton : public Singleton<ConcreteSingleton>
{
  // need to be friend to access private constructor/destructor
  friend Singleton<ConcreteSingleton>;
  friend Singleton<ConcreteSingleton>::deleter_type;

public:
  void SomeGreatFunction() const;
  ...

// unless you have a great reason to have a
// public constructor and destructor it should be private
private:
  ConcreteSingleton() { ... some stuff ... }
  ~ConcreteSingleton() = default;
};

If you use that for all singletons in your code they all look uniform.

Build A Dns Server On Nixos

You might remember my blog posts from 2016 where I documented my dnsmasq setup. I run a primary setup on NetBSD and a secondary on Debian. (Checkout the linked blog posts if you are interested)

The reasons and use-cases are still the same but this time I gave NixOS a chance since it was time to upgrade the Debian installation.

It was surprisingly easy after a few start hurdles, where I struggled to get any output on my 4k display. Using a older 1080p monitor solved that for me.

Getting started

Since I used a Raspberry Pi 3 I could use the latest AArch64 image from Hydra (source: https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/NixOS_on_ARM#Installation). In my case that was the release-22.05 https://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixos/release-22.05/nixos.sd_image.aarch64-linux.

Unpacking and flashing this image to the SD Card works the same as with all other Raspberry Pi images. Make sure you flash it to the correct device!

wget https://hydra.nixos.org/build/197683332/download/1/nixos-sd-image-22.05.3977.f09ad462c5a-aarch64-linux.img.zst
unzstd nixos-sd-image-22.05.3977.f09ad462c5a-aarch64-linux.img.zst
cat unzstd nixos-sd-image-22.05.3977.f09ad462c5a-aarch64-linux.img > /dev/sdX

After doing this it should be possible to boot up NixOS for the first time.

Basics

Start with generating a basic configuration with:

sudo nixos-generate-config

Lets add a user and some packages (vim and ping) which I want to have on my new system.

# Define a user account. Don't forget to set a password with ‘passwd’.
users.users.l33tname = {
 isNormalUser = true;
 extraGroups = [ "wheel" ]; # Enable ‘sudo’ for the user.
};

# List packages installed in system profile. To search, run:
# $ nix search wget
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
 vim
 inetutils # ping
];

Network

The networking is a bit more involved. I need a static IPv4 and IPv6. Default routes and DNS server.

Very straight forward after I understood the concept.

networking.useDHCP = false;
networking.interfaces.eth0 = {
useDHCP = false;
ipv4.addresses = [
    { address = "192.168.17.7"; prefixLength = 24; }
];
ipv6.addresses = [
    { address = "2001:XXXX:XXXX::7"; prefixLength = 64; }
];
};
networking.defaultGateway = { address = "192.168.17.1"; interface = "eth0"; };
networking.defaultGateway6 = { address = "2001:XXXX:XXXX::1"; interface = "eth0"; };
networking.nameservers = [ "127.0.0.1" "8.8.8.8.8" ];

Dnsmasq

UPDATE: take a look at the update configuration for NixOS 23.05 where i fetch the hosts file from a url.

Last the main event to configure my dnsmasq server the same way I did on my Debian. And as you can see from the config I just created a hosts.txt file which will be merged with /etc/hosts. (I am thinking about fetching this file from a local webserver or git repo)

# List services that you want to enable:
networking.hostFiles = [ /etc/nixos/hosts.txt ];
services.dnsmasq.enable = true;
services.dnsmasq.alwaysKeepRunning = true;
services.dnsmasq.servers = [ "85.214.73.63" "208.67.222.222" "62.141.58.13" ];
services.dnsmasq.extraConfig = "cache-size=500";

Putting it all together

This gives me a config which looks something like this:

{ config, pkgs, ... }:
{
  imports =
    [ # Include the results of the hardware scan.
      ./hardware-configuration.nix
    ];

  # Use the extlinux boot loader. (NixOS wants to enable GRUB by default)
  boot.loader.grub.enable = false;
  # Enables the generation of /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
  boot.loader.generic-extlinux-compatible.enable = true;

  networking.hostName = "nixos"; # Define your hostname.
  # Pick only one of the below networking options.
  # networking.wireless.enable = true;  # Enables wireless support via wpa_supplicant.
  # networking.networkmanager.enable = true;  # Easiest to use and most distros use this by default.

  # Set your time zone.
  time.timeZone = "Europe/Zurich";

  # Select internationalisation properties.
  i18n.defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";

  # Define a user account. Don't forget to set a password with ‘passwd’.
  users.users.l33tname = {
     isNormalUser = true;
     extraGroups = [ "wheel" ]; # Enable ‘sudo’ for the user.
  };

  # List packages installed in system profile. To search, run:
  # $ nix search wget
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
     vim
     inetutils # ping
  ];

  networking.useDHCP = false;
  networking.interfaces.eth0 = {
    useDHCP = false;
    ipv4.addresses = [
        { address = "192.168.17.7"; prefixLength = 24; }
    ];
    ipv6.addresses = [
        { address = "2001:XXXX:XXXX::7"; prefixLength = 64; }
    ];
  };
  networking.defaultGateway = { address = "192.168.17.1"; interface = "eth0"; };
  networking.defaultGateway6 = { address = "2001:XXXX:XXXX::1"; interface = "eth0"; };
  networking.nameservers = [ "127.0.0.1" "8.8.8.8" ];

  # List services that you want to enable:
  networking.hostFiles = [ /etc/nixos/hosts.txt ];
  services.dnsmasq.enable = true;
  services.dnsmasq.alwaysKeepRunning = true;
  services.dnsmasq.servers = [ "85.214.73.63" "208.67.222.222" "62.141.58.13" ];
  services.dnsmasq.extraConfig = "cache-size=500";


  # Enable the OpenSSH daemon.
  services.openssh.enable = true;
}

After that we can build and install this config. It helps to set a password for the newly created account.

sudo nixos-rebuild switch
passwd l33tname

After a reboot lets see if everything booted correctly and you can login over ssh with the new user.

Misc

Over all it was a pleasant experience to setup NixOS. I think to keep it up to date I will run nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade from time to time.

A thing I used a bunch is the options search from NixOS at: https://search.nixos.org/options to read the docs for config keys or finding the correct config key.

Last but not least I want to point to these four resources which helped me to understand how to configure my system.

• https://nix.dev/tutorials/installing-nixos-on-a-raspberry-pi
• https://schauderbasis.de/posts/install_nixos_on_raspberry_pi_4/
• https://dn42.eu/howto/nixos
• https://skogsbrus.xyz/building-a-router-with-nixos/

Perforated Mounting Plate

I planned to write this blog posts ~2 years ago. But for some reason I never did. It is about how I mounted my router (see: hEX S The Good The Bad The Ugly), and my primary and secondary Raspberry Pi running DNS (see: DNS Server on NetBSD and DNS Server on Debian).

Iteration 1

As you can see the first iteration of this setup was just to dump all the devices on the ground and get them running. This was even before I switched to the hEX S router.

Iteration 2

The next step was to figure out how to mount my devices to the perforated mounting plate (Montageblech, gelocht, verzinkt). For the hEX S this was simple, as Mikrotik (the manufacturer of the devices) states:

This device is designed for use indoors by placing it on the flat surface or mounting on the wall, mounting points are located on the bottom side of the device, screws are not included in the package. Screws with size 4x25 mm fit nicely.

But what about the Raspberry Pi? Let's 3D print something I found a great Raspberry Pi Wall Mount where I adapted the mount to fit the distance between the two screw holes.

I googeled that the correct screws are Blechschrauben 4.2x9.5mm. Since you can not buy just a handful of these I own now a 100 of them. (If you know me, and need these screws for something let me know) For some reason they are awful to work with or I was holding it wrong. They don't work to mount the router because the screw head does not fit the hEX S mounting on the back. And I could not really screw them into the plate. I ended up just using random screws I had from things to make it happen. Which brings us to the next iteration:

Iteration 3

And since then I improved the cable management a bit and also mounted the second Raspberry Pi. Which gives us the current state:

Ssh Port Forwarding

This is a short blog post explaining how to forward a port trough a jump host. I needed this to access a web UI which was only accessible via a jump host.

Here is the situation:

+---------------+   +---------------------+    +----------------------------+
|               |   |                     |    |                            |
| You (Host A)  +-->| Jump Host (Host B)  +--->| Target Host (Host C)       |
|               |   |                     |    | Web interface on port 443  |
+---------------+   +---------------------+    +----------------------------+

To make it convenient we add most of the config into .ssh/config

Host HostB

Host HostC
  ProxyJump HostB

In reality you usually have some key and hostnames to configure:

Host HostB
  User userb
  Hostname 192.168.1.1

Host HostC
  User userc
  Hostname HostC
  IdentityFile /home/userc/.ssh/keyfile
  ProxyJump HostB

And thats all now we can forward a port from HostC by calling this:

ssh -N HostC -L 8000:localhost:443

And we can access the web UI from HostC on localhost:8000.

Heatmap

I recently had some data which I wanted to display in something like a heatmap. Because we humans are much better at spotting patterns on a visualization than just raw numbers. The data I was working with is a date with a intensity value.

This is in the form of a csv file which looks like this:

date,value
...
14-Jul-2021,
15-Jul-2021,1
16-Jul-2021,
17-Jul-2021,
18-Jul-2021,1
19-Jul-2021,2
20-Jul-2021,2
...
25-Jul-2021,2
26-Jul-2021,1
27-Jul-2021,
28-Jul-2021,1
29-Jul-2021,1
30-Jul-2021,
31-Jul-2021,
...

The idea is to display the value which is in this case not present (0), 1 or 2 on a heatmap which uses month and day as x and y axis.

To achieve this a few steps are needed:

1. Load the data from the csv file
2. Convert the date string to a data
3. Create two new columns, one with the day and one with the month
4. Create a pivot table with month, day and the value
5. Use the pivot table in reverse as input for the [seaborn.heatmap]

And thats all that is needed. To create a heatmap which looks like this:

If you are interested in the actual code I used to create this you can checkout the jupiter notebook I put into a git repository: jupiter-notebook-python-heatmap